NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS l NOTE 31     2014 Rm     Restated 2013 Rm   31. Income tax expense             South African normal tax             – Current 1 056     1 054     – Prior year under (over) provisions 69     (59)       1 125     995     Foreign tax             – Current 346     206     – Prior year under (over) provisions 1     (8)     – Tax rate adjustment 2     (2)       349     196     Deferred tax             – Current (70)     111     – Prior year under (over) provisions (51)     63     – Impairment charge 8     38     – Tax rate adjustment 2     1       (111)     213     Withholding and secondary taxes 11     9     Capital gains tax             – Current 56     13     – Deferred       24     – Prior year overprovision of deferred tax (100)     (45)       (44)     (8)     Income tax expense 1 330     1 405     Reconciliation of tax rates: %     %     Profit before tax, excluding share of result of associates and joint ventures - effective tax rate 27,2     28,1     Income tax effect of:             – Foreign tax differential 0,4     0,2     – Tax assets not recognised and deferred tax impairments (0,5)     (2,0)     – Disallowable charges and capital losses (4,1)     (6,8)     – Exempt and capital income 4,6     8,4     – Withholding and secondary taxes (0,2)     (0,2)     – Capital gains tax (1,1)     (0,7)     – Prior year net overprovisions 1,7     1,0       28,0     28,0     Based on its interpretation of tax law and prior experience the Group believes that its accrual for tax liabilities are adequate for all open tax years.